An epistaxis can be severe enough that a patient becomes anaemic and develops shock.  How good are estimations, by patients and clinicians, of blood loss during an epistaxis?

Check out the papers mentioned

Townend ML, Byers S. Visual estimation of blood loss by UK pre-hospital clinicians: an observational study. Br Paramed J. 2018 Jun 1;3(1):16-22. doi: 10.29045/14784726.2018.06.3.1.16. PMID: 33328801; PMCID: PMC7706754.

Link

Beer HL, Duvvi S, Webb CJ, Tandon S. Blood loss estimation in epistaxis scenarios. J Laryngol Otol. 2005 Jan;119(1):16-8. doi: 10.1258/0022215053222752. PMID: 15807956.

Link

Grigg, Sarah, Maunder, John, Betz-Stablein, Brigid, Llewellyn, Stacey, 2020, Reliability of estimating blood loss in epistaxis, Australian Journal of Otolaryngology; Vol 3 (May 2020): Australian Journal of Otolaryngology, 2020

Link

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